Ratna, Ratna, et al. “The Dynamics of Islamic Judiciary During the Abbasid Dynasty and Its Relevance to Contemporary Middle Eastern Legal Systems”. Ushul Al-Hukm: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum Islam, vol. 2, no. 1, Nov. 2026, pp. 33-47, doi:10.61166/ushulalhukm.v2i1.38.